說(shuō)明文是以說(shuō)明為主要表達(dá)方式，介紹事物的形狀、構(gòu)造、性質(zhì)、變化、類(lèi)別、狀態(tài)、功能、成因、結(jié)果等特征的文章。它是一種應(yīng)用性很強(qiáng)的文體，說(shuō)明的目的是讓讀者有所知，給讀者提供知識(shí)，使之了解客觀世界，掌握解決問(wèn)題的方法。說(shuō)明文的'基本特點(diǎn)就是具有知識(shí)性、科學(xué)性、應(yīng)用性、解說(shuō)性和條理性。常見(jiàn)的說(shuō)明文有：解說(shuō)詞、說(shuō)明書(shū)、書(shū)文簡(jiǎn)介、內(nèi)容提要、科普小品、生產(chǎn)工藝、操作規(guī)程和景物介紹等，常見(jiàn)說(shuō)明方法有：定義、注釋、舉例、分類(lèi)、比較、引用、比喻、描述、數(shù)字分析和綜合等。說(shuō)明文的時(shí)態(tài)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，語(yǔ)態(tài)常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，有時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。對(duì)中學(xué)生而言，說(shuō)明文的出題形式為文字提示或圖表、圖示，文體則可見(jiàn)于短文、書(shū)信、便條、日記等。寫(xiě)說(shuō)明文必須注意事實(shí)正確，表達(dá)清晰，條理清楚，層次分明，語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練和用詞準(zhǔn)確。
說(shuō)明文范文賞析
說(shuō)明文是對(duì)事情的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結(jié)果、特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、功能等進(jìn)行解釋、介紹、闡述的一種文體。這類(lèi)文章的目的和性質(zhì)是客觀地介紹、解釋事物，使讀者獲得知識(shí)和信息，并不需要發(fā)表主張、做出證明。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，知識(shí)簡(jiǎn)介，商品介紹，旅游指南，科技讀物，工作總結(jié)，實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告，教材輔導(dǎo)等均屬說(shuō)明文之列。
寫(xiě)說(shuō)明文，可以按時(shí)間、空間、結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯順序來(lái)寫(xiě)，也可以采取舉例、比較、對(duì)比、分類(lèi)、分析、說(shuō)明、敘述等方法。
1.分類(lèi)
分類(lèi)是人類(lèi)認(rèn)識(shí)客觀世界的重要手段之一，也是描寫(xiě)事物、解釋觀點(diǎn)最有效的方式之一。通過(guò)將一事物分類(lèi)，可使復(fù)雜事物變得清晰明了，便于作者闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)。
分類(lèi)段落的各類(lèi)排列要條理，可采用從主要到次要，從次要到主要，從多到少或從少到多等方式排列，亦可平行排列。如：
1) As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people.These people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem to idealistic. The third type is the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.
2.比較對(duì)照
比較對(duì)照有兩種，一是逐點(diǎn)比較，二是整塊比較，即AB交錯(cuò)或先A后B：
1)逐點(diǎn)比較：多數(shù)人認(rèn)為這種AB交錯(cuò)的方式可以避免行文的單調(diào)沉悶，對(duì)比的效果更鮮明突出。如：
There are basic differences between large and small enterprises. In a small enterprise, you operated mainly through personal contacts. In a large enterprise, you have established “policies” , “channels” of organization, and fairly strict procedure. In the small enterprise you have immediate effectiveness in a very small area. You can see the effect of your work and of your decisions ground. In the large organization you are normally taught one thing thoroughly. In the small one the danger is of becoming a Jack-of-all-trades-but-master-of-none. In the large it is of becoming the man who knows more and more about less and less.
2) 整塊比較
It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointment publicly. They can not cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.
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