A metaphor is a trope or figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something in common.隱喻是將兩種有共同點(diǎn)的不同事物進(jìn)行隱晦比較的修辭手法。
隱喻在英語(yǔ)里被叫做metaphor。其實(shí)這個(gè)單詞源于希臘，在希臘語(yǔ)里，metaphor表達(dá)“transfer”或者“carry across”的意思，即把一物的意思轉(zhuǎn)移到另一物上。
在這篇文章中，我們通過(guò)兩首詩(shī)歌來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)兩種不同類(lèi)別的暗喻。
Conventional Metaphor常規(guī)隱喻
These metaphors are so common that we may not even notice that they are metaphors.這類(lèi)隱喻很常見(jiàn)，我們甚至都感覺(jué)不到這是隱喻。
美國(guó)詩(shī)人羅伯特·弗羅斯特（Robert Frost）創(chuàng)作的《未選擇的路》（The Road Not Taken）這一首詩(shī)當(dāng)中，詩(shī)人就將生活比作路（road），展現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)實(shí)生話(huà)中人們處在十字路口時(shí)難以抉擇的心情。
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
黃葉林中出條岔路，
無(wú)奈一人難于兼顧，
順著一條婉蜒小路，
久久佇立極目遠(yuǎn)眺，
只見(jiàn)小徑拐進(jìn)灌木。
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that, the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,
接著選擇了另一條，
同樣清楚似乎更好，
引人踩踏鋪滿(mǎn)茂草，
踏在其間難分彼此，
盡管真有兩條道。
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way
I doubted if I should ever come back.
清晨里躺著兩條路，
一樣葉被無(wú)人踏臟，
愿將第一條來(lái)日補(bǔ)，
但知條條相連遠(yuǎn)途，
懷疑日后怎能回返。
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I,
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
在很久以后某一地，
我將嘆息訴說(shuō)于人，
兩路岔開(kāi)在樹(shù)林里，
我選的那條足跡稀，
而一切差別由此起。
Visual Metaphor視覺(jué)隱喻
A visual metaphor is the representation of a person, place, thing, or idea by way of a visual image that suggests a particular association or point of similarity.視覺(jué)隱喻是利用視覺(jué)圖像指明某人、某地、某物或某種想法與它物具有某種相似性。
還是不了解什么是視覺(jué)隱喻？沒(méi)關(guān)系，我們先看一首詩(shī)你就明白了。
l (aleaffalls) one liness
肯明斯（E.E. Cummings）的這首落葉詩(shī)是很有名的`視覺(jué)詩(shī)。視覺(jué)詩(shī)指的是利用文字的特別排版以達(dá)成特定視覺(jué)效果表達(dá)作者思想的詩(shī)體。這首詩(shī)里包含了兩種視覺(jué)隱喻。要賞析這首詩(shī)，可以先打破作者創(chuàng)造的視覺(jué)效果，如此一來(lái)，這首詩(shī)就變成了這樣：
l (a leaf falls) oneliness
括號(hào)內(nèi)是a leaf falls（一片樹(shù)葉落下），括號(hào)外是loneliness（寂寞），作者用葉子落下來(lái)與寂寞相聯(lián)系，這就是第一種隱喻。再看詩(shī)呈現(xiàn)出的視覺(jué)效果，仿佛一片樹(shù)葉從樹(shù)枝慢慢落地，這就是第二種隱喻。
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